Hasegawa - who was born in Japan and has taught in the United States since 1990, and who reads English, Japanese, and Russian - rejects both the traditional and revisionist positions. It inflicted a serious body blow, but it was hardly a knock-out punch.”. Stalin would not be extracting concessions from the Americans. During one meeting in June of that year, top Japanese military commander Torashirō Kawabe couldn’t have been clearer: “The absolute maintenance of peace in our relations with the Soviet Union is imperative for the continuation of the war.”. But Hasegawa argues the change was incremental. Far and away. Whatever the merits of this position, it suffers the great handicap of trying to change, fundamentally, how several generations have thought about the atomic age, says Linton Brooks, who has served in arms control and nuclear policy positions in several administrations. Some historians certainly think so. Measured against the decades of serious and settled thinking about World War II, Hasegawa’s scholarship feels radical. Hasegawa’s scholarship disturbs this simple logic. The Japanese could still inflict heavy casualties on any invader, and they hoped to convince the Soviet Union, still neutral in the Asian theater, to mediate a settlement with the Americans. (During the meeting, the second atomic bomb killed tens of thousands at Nagasaki.) As Hasegawa writes in his book “Racing the Enemy,” the Japanese leadership reacted with concern, but not panic. Japan had not fought in World War I. This was, after all, a nation that trained its young men to fly their planes, freighted with explosives, into the side of American naval vessels. Yet, despite this nationwide inferno, surrender wasn’t forthcoming. AFP via Getty Images. A single firebombing attack on Tokyo in March 1945 killed more than 80,000 people. If they turn out not to be strategically effective, then nuclear weapons are not trump cards, but time bombs beneath our feet. As historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa puts it, “The Soviet entry into the war played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow's mediation.”, That’s the key point: the Japanese weren’t fighting to win. Your comment is Tsuyoshi Hasegawa - a highly respected historian at the University of California, Santa Barbara - has marshaled compelling evidence that it was the Soviet entry into the Pacific conflict, not Hiroshima and Nagasaki, that forced Japan’s surrender. In fact, Wilson argues, history suggests that leveling population centers, by whatever method, does not force surrender. Still, progress was slow as Marines hopped from atoll to island to atoll: wading through bloody coral shallows under a rain of shelling, engaging an enemy that was dug in, highly trained, and willing to fight to the death. The French, and British did not treat the Japanese as equal partners, as Japan wanted. In May 1945, the battle against the Nazis was done. For nearly seven decades, the American public has accepted one version of the events that led to Japan’s surrender. Since Japan was having such difficulties in China, the reasoning went, its armed forces would be no match for the British. However, also key to this understanding is contemporary Japanese … “Fifty years of telling ourselves that these things are different has sort of made them different,” says Linton. Skip to comments. “When you look through all the evidence, I think it is hard to weigh one or the other more heavily,” Bernstein said. But in early August 66 years ago, America unveiled a terrifying new weapon, dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It inflicted a serious body blow, but it was hardly a knock-out punch.”. One politician, Kijūrō Shidehara, echoed the general sentiment when he suggested their “unity and resolve would grow stronger”, and that it was important to endure the attacks in order to negotiate the best outcome, further along the line. And it suggests that we could be headed towards an utterly different understanding of how, and why, the Second World War came to its conclusion. The public view that the atomic bomb was the decisive event that ended World War II is not supported by the facts. Japanese War Culture. © Copyright 2011 Globe Newspaper Company. That the truth about the fall of Japan has been obscured by the smoke and fire and fallout of the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Hasegawa’s work is an important new entry into the scholarly conversation, reconstructing the conflicting perspectives of Russians, Americans, and Japanese, and concluding that the bomb played a secondary role. So when President Truman, hinting at the nuclear attacks to come, said that the Japanese could “expect a rain of ruin from the air” if they didn’t surrender, it wasn’t really much of a threat. It’s only from our vantage point today that the mushroom clouds eclipse everything else. General Douglas MacArthur and Japan's Emperor Hirohito in 1945, a few weeks after Japan's surrender on September 2, 1945. “Once we had accepted strategic bombing as an acceptable weapon of war, the atomic bomb was a very small step,” he says. If the atomic bomb alone could not compel the Japanese to submit, then perhaps the nuclear deterrent is not as strong as it seems. Instead, it took the Soviet declaration of war on Japan, several days after Hiroshima, to bring the capitulation. If Japan was given their surrender terms they would have room to move, but the Allies pushed for an unconditional surrender in order for the Emperor could be prosecuted for war crimes. By this time Tokyo was already a smoldering heap from months of fire bombing. Japan already held parts of China, and quickly invaded New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies, Burma, and Singapore. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of the Terms and Conditions, The lives of Hitler and Stalin: Two sides of the same coin, Loki’s most mischievous tricks in Norse mythology, Life in the Führerbunker: Hitler's final days, nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, The Soviets could focus on taking on the Nazis. Why did Japan surrender? When two rival nations have nuclear weapons, as during the Cold War, the result is stalemate. Today he views America’s bombings of Japan’s cities - Hiroshima and Tokyo included - as war crimes. These are the evolving views of a man who has mustered the courage to look at an ugly period of history without flinching - something that most people, Americans and Japanese alike, have found themselves unable to do. To us, then, Hiroshima was unique, and the move to atomic weaponry was a great leap, military and moral. There is contentious debate among scholars about why Japan surrendered in World War II. As historian Terry Charman tells us, “The Soviet attack changed all that. A: The official signing of Japan's surrender ordered that the country must cease all military actions, liberate prisoners of war and others in captivity, and follow other terms. That the destruction of cities does not sway leaders. Growing up, he felt anger at the Japanese government for bringing the conflict onto its people. Why did the Japanese surrender at the end of the Second World War take place on USS Missouri, a battleship that had served for less than a year in the Pacific War? Sixty-six years ago, we dropped a nuclear bomb on Hiroshima. Why did the war in Japan cost so much, and what led so many to fight on after the end of the hostilities? Gallicchio deftly recounts how debate about Truman’s decision persisted well after the surrender. The Allied firebombing of Dresden in February of 1945 killed many people, but the Germans did not capitulate. Those days in August remain the only instance of nuclear war. Hiroshima had happened days before, but it was only now that the Japanese leaders fell into a panic. Immediate surrender was the only option. The traditionalist conception is that the atomic bombs were crucial to forcing But another reason, Wilson argues, is that to look at history in this new light is to entertain what seem like shocking ideas. The leadership in Tokyo realized they had no hope now.” In fact, the situation was now completely reversed, with the Japanese fearing a Communist invasion which would overturn their rigid, imperial hierarchy and transform their nation forever. One man, it seems, played a far more important part. Missouri entered service in June 1944 and joined the forward elements of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in January. For so many decades, the moral justification of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been passionately debated. Truman later remarked, “Despite their heavy losses at Okinawa and the firebombing of Tokyo, the Japanese refused to surrender. On Aug. 7, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo sent an urgent coded telegram to his ambassador in Moscow, asking him to press for a response to the Japanese request for mediation, which the Soviets had yet to provide. Hitler was dead, his genocidal regime had been smashed, and there had been cheering in the streets of the Allied nations. The Soviet Union and Japan had in fact signed a neutrality pact back in 1941, which served both their interests nicely. Both the American and Japanese public have clung to the idea that the mushroom clouds ended the war. Until 9 August, they held out hope that the Soviets, as a neutral party, could help them negotiate the best deal with the US. And, strangest of all: That nuclear explosives may not be particularly effective weapons of war. subject to the rules of our, THIS STORY HAS BEEN FORMATTED FOR EASY PRINTING. Dozens of other Japanese cities had been flattened under the never-ending barrage. How is it possible that the Japanese leadership did not react more strongly to many tens of thousands of its citizens being obliterated? By the morning of Aug. 9, the Japanese Supreme War Council was meeting to discuss the terms of surrender. (The figures remain disputed, and depend on how the fatalities are counted.). But what if Stimson was wrong? The Pacific War began in 1941 with the violent humiliation at Pearl Harbor. As the Declaration bluntly put it, “the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction”. “Hasegawa has changed my mind,” says Richard Rhodes, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of “The Making of the Atomic Bomb.” “The Japanese decision to surrender was not driven by the two bombings.”. People were boiled in the canals. In this special episode of Experience, we uncover the real reason why Japan surrendered to the United States in World War 2. The question was, how to finally crush their seemingly unbending resolve? On Aug. 15, the Japanese surrendered unconditionally. What Would Happen if a Supervolcano Erupted. And it is nearly impossible to imagine that a bomb detonated on American soil, even one that immolated a large city, would prompt the nation to bow in surrender. USS Missouri was the last battleship commissioned into the United States Navy, although not the last laid down. Japan’s control was tightening, and it appeared unstoppable. His knowledge was especially valuable because historians of the period face such fragmentary and contradictory evidence, in part because the Japanese destroyed many documents. But the celebrations were premature, because the war itself was very definitely not over. Tokyo, for example, had been completely incinerated, with around 100,000 people killed. But in early August 66 years ago, America unveiled a terrifying new weapon, dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. General Douglas MacArthur, as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, accepted the unconditional surrender document signed by the Japanese. Many, of course, have argued that attacking civilians can never be justified. In “Why Japan Surrendered,” historian Robert A. Pape examines a new perspective on the topic. In fact, more than 60 of Japan’s cities had been substantially destroyed by the time of the Hiroshima attack, according to a 2007 International Security article by Wilson, who is a senior fellow at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies. The battle in the Pacific had already distinguished itself by its horror and brutality, and the prospect of a full-scale ground invasion of Japan – a new D-Day – was nerve-jangling for millions of Allied soldiers. On 6 August, a mushroom cloud rose above Hiroshima, heralding the dawn of a new, apocalyptic age. In a matter of days, the Japanese submitted, bringing the fighting, finally, to a close. The photos of charred Tokyo and charred Hiroshima are indistinguishable. The bomb - horrific as it was - was not as special as Americans have always imagined. President Truman’s decision to go nuclear has long been a source of controversy. Why was Japan upset with the Treaty of Versailles? It also raises provocative questions about nuclear deterrence, a foundation stone of military strategy in the postwar period. could not find your e-mail or password. That may help explain why Hasegawa’s thesis, which he first detailed in an award-winning 2005 book and has continued to bolster with new material, is still little known outside of academic circles, says Ward Wilson, a nuclear weapons scholar who has drawn on Hasegawa’s insights in his own recent work. This gross underestimation can in part be explained by the fact that Japan had become interminably bogged down by its undeclared war against China since 1931. The notion of unconditional surrender is a central aspect of understanding why Japan remained undeterred amid extensive bombing campaigns, and to a lesser extent, why Germany fought until the fall of Berlin. #OnThisDayInHistory American B-29 bomber the Enola Gay drops the world's first atom bomb over the city of Hiroshima. Yet Bernstein, Hasegawa, and many historians agree on one startling point. Like other fast battleships, she served as part of Task Force 58, the carrier force that constituted the core of U.S. naval power in the las… They knew they’d have to give in eventually, but they wanted to surrender on the most favourable terms, in a way that would preserve their internal power structure, save their military leaders from war crimes trials, and avoid being a puppet state of the Allies. And yet, it can convincingly be argued that Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not hugely important in the context of Japan in 1945. It would have been a larger operation than D-Day, certain to result in a bloody slaughter. Ask anyone why Japan surrendered at the end of World War II, and a good proportion of the answers you receive will point towards the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The production of materiel was faltering, completely overmatched by American industry, and the Japanese people were starving. Why did Japan surrender? “The analysis is well intentioned, but more fine-grained than the evidence comfortably allows.”. Some within the Japanese military actually attempted to steal this recording before it could be broadcast, while others attempted a more general military coup in order to seize power and continue the war. When Hiroshima happened, Japan realised a new kind of weapon had been unleashed, but the devastation was not significantly different to what they had seen in countless cities already. Cowed by such a show of force, and facing their own complete demise, the Japanese finally surrendered. Their concern was not so much whether to end the conflict, but how to end it while holding onto territory, avoiding war crimes trials, and preserving the imperial system. But, in 1965, historian Gar Alperovitz argued that, although the bombs did force an immediate end to the war, Japan’s leaders had wanted to surrender anyway and … Japan did not surrender until a week after the Nagasaki bombing. After the epic Battle of Midway in the summer of 1942, however, the United States and its allies gained the momentum. The key reason why the Allied Forces refused Japan’s initial surrender because it was not an unconditional surrender. Report: Warrant Issued for Roggie’s Bar Owner, Boston Pops Concert Move Keeps the Beach Boys, Ditches Joey McIntyre, Lawmakers pass compounding pharmacy oversight bill, Follow this list on Twitter: @BostonPopular. As a child, Hasegawa watched the Tokyo firebombing from his roof, and he can still recall the eerie orange glow on the horizon. Hasegawa spent years working through primary documents, with a deep understanding of linguistic and cultural nuance. “From the Soviet Union’s point of view, it was important to postpone [Japan’s] surrender until they were ready to enter the war,” Hasegawa said. A full-scale invasion of Japan itself would mean hundreds of thousands of dead GIs, and, still, the Japanese leadership refused to surrender. “That is the mystique of nuclear weapons.”. Let’s recap the conventionally accepted account of how the bloodiest conflict in the history of the world finally came to an end. But therein lies the weakness of the Hasegawa interpretation as well, Bernstein says. USS Missouri was the last battleship commissioned into the United States Navy, although not the last laid down. That what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not overly remarkable. Some believe the Aug. 15, 1945, declaration was the result of the atomic bombs … Very late the next night, however, something happened that did change the plan. The saturation bombing of Japan took much fiercer tolls and wrought far and away more havoc than the atomic bomb. Many requests—at Tehran, Yalta, and most recently at … This is the standard take on the fall of Japan. Now, some historians say that’s not what ended the war. Shortly before dawn on Aug. 15, 1945, a … Yet it was more than callousness. The names of these tropical hells - Gaudalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa - have become Marine Corps legend. There had already been a rain of ruin, and it hadn’t changed the Japanese game-plan. In early March, several hundred B-29 Super Fortress bombers dropped incendiary bombs on downtown Tokyo. As the Allies loomed, the Japanese people were instructed to sharpen bamboo sticks and prepare to meet the Marines at the beach. On Aug. 6, the American bomber Enola Gay dropped its payload on Hiroshima, leaving the signature mushroom cloud and devastation on the ground, including something on the order of 100,000 killed. Things only changed on 9 August, the very day of the second atomic attack on Nagasaki, when the Soviets suddenly broke the pact, mounting a massive invasion of Japan’s territories that decimated Japanese troops. Manila fell. Americans, then and today, have tended to assume that Japan’s leaders were simply blinded by their own fanaticism, forcing a catastrophic showdown for no reason other than their refusal to acknowledge defeat. To Japan’s leaders, Hiroshima was yet another population center leveled, albeit in a novel way. Barton Bernstein, a professor of history emeritus at Stanford University, is the unofficial dean of American atomic bomb scholarship and counts himself as both a fan and a critic of Hasegawa. Gareth Cook is a Globe columnist and former editor of Ideas. Pape’s new perspective investigates why the country decided to surrender when its military was still capable of fighting against an American invasion of the home islands. The standard argument in favour of US President Truman’s decision to drop the bombs has always been that, by unleashing such devastating force, the president avoided an even more devastating ground war that might have gone for many more months, taking untold numbers of Allied lives. USS Missouri was the last battleship commissioned into the United States Navy, although not the last laid down. Yet, he adds, they are crimes America should not apologize for until Japan comes to terms with war crimes of its own. It was a long shot, but it made strategic sense. Japan still stood firm, seemingly determined to fight to the bitter and bloody end. 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