[214] When Schmidt heard the order, he sent a message at 17:15 claiming the city was taken, but this was not true. On orders of the French, all Dutch troops were withdrawn on 19 May to Ostend in Belgium, as their presence would be demoralising and confusing their own forces. [219] In this he was to be supported by the highest command level as Hitler would state in Führer-Weisung Nr. These consisted of the reconnaissance units of the armoured and motorised divisions, equipped with the relatively well-armed Panhard 178 armoured car. [75] On 5 February 1940 he was forced to offer his resignation because of these disagreements with his superiors. [86] Now the French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin was more than interested in including the Dutch in his continuous front as, like Major-General Bernard Montgomery four years later, he hoped to circle around the Westwall when the Entente launched its planned 1941 offensive. [100] Sas informed the Allies. Ms. Johan Maurits van Nassau. [173], It had been well understood by the Dutch that the forces occupying the Grebbe Line would not be sufficiently strong to repel all attacks by themselves; they were intended to delay an offensive long enough for reserves to reinforce them. Its regiments had reached the Noord river in the evening.[126]. [21] The Dutch government never officially formulated a policy on how to act in case of either contingency; the majority of ministers preferred to resist an attack, a minority and Queen Wilhelmina refused to become a German ally whatever the circumstances. [47] The Dutch put 32 hospital ships throughout the country and fifteen trains to help make troop movements easier. Most artillery was horse-drawn.[44]. However, these had not been exploited: while the Wehrmacht at the time still had many shortcomings in equipment and training, the Dutch army in comparison was like David compared to Goliath. During the day his hopes would be dashed. As the French refused to advance further to the northeast than Tilburg, apart from some reconnoitering armoured cars that went as far as Berlicum, this created a dangerous gap. The French commanders of the 7th Army had expected that Dutch resistance at the Meuse and the Peel-Raam Position, by a force about five divisions strong, would have gained them at least four days to build up a defensive line near Breda. Reijnders had already been denied full military authority in the defence zones;[74] the conflict about strategy further undermined his political position. First of all he wanted to eliminate the German airborne troops. [224] Large parts of the Dutch Army did not want to accept the surrender. In the early evening in a sudden change of plans it was decided to attack even though artillery support was absent apart from one 105 mm battery. [6] On 9 October, Adolf Hitler ordered plans to be made for an invasion of the Low Countries, to use them as a base against Great Britain and to pre-empt a similar attack by the Allied forces, which could threaten the vital Ruhr Area. The line was below sea level. [149], Meanwhile, in the North, 1. The paratroopers did not capture the main airfield at Ypenburg in time for the airborne infantry to land in their Junkers. The plan, Fall Festung, had been developed by Hitler personally, embellishing an earlier idea to let an envoy offer "armed protection of the Dutch neutrality", that is, to become a German protectorate. [215], In the North, a German artillery bombardment of the Kornwerderzand Position began at 09:00. [54], Most available time was spent constructing defences. • West Hunan This made it hard for the Dutch infantry to fight. It functioned as a National Redoubt, which was expected to hold out a prolonged period of time,[65] in the most optimistic predictions as much as three months without any allied assistance,[66] even though the size of the attacking German force was strongly overestimated. [214] In the early morning of 14 May, though the situation remained critical, a certain calm was evident in the Dutch Headquarters. [60][61] Before the war the intention was to move to this position, and hope that Germany would only travel through the southern provinces on its way to Belgium and leave Holland undamaged. The Dutch made some attempts to indirectly block the advance of the German armour. • Hungary From September 1939 a more easterly Main Defence Line (MDL) was built. Crossings would be attempted in two sectors. Partly this was caused by a wish not to antagonise a vital trade partner,[9] even to the point of repressing criticism of Nazi policies;[10] partly it was made inevitable by a policy of strict budgetary limits with which the conservative Dutch governments tried in vain to fight the Great Depression, which hit Dutch society particularly hard. This was exploited by the first German unit to arrive, the single bicycle battalion of 1. On 27 May all of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen had been occupied. [154] The area was under naval command because of the naval port of Flushing on the island of Walcheren. Winkelman asked the British government to sent an Army Corps to add to allied positions in the area and bomb Waalhaven airfield. However, the German batteries were forced to move away after being surprised by counterfire from the 15 cm. [232], In the morning of 15 May SS-Standarte Deutschland approached the Zanddijk Position. Long channel piers projected in front of and behind the sluices, on both the right and left; on these pillboxes had been built which could place a heavy enfilading fire on the dam, which did not provide the slightest cover for any attacker. The bombers were recalled just in time.[234]. On 11 May the Dutch commander General Winkelman was faced with two priorities. The Battle of the Netherlands was one of the first major uses of paratroopers to land near important targets before ground troops reached the area. • Malaya, • Narva It was expected to hold out for a long period of time.[59]. The Light Division, based at Vught, was the only manoeuvre force the Dutch Army possessed. The latter wanted the army to first offer heavy resistance at the Grebbe Line and Peel Raam Position, and then fall back to the Fortress Holland. The morale of the defenders of the Bath Position weakened by news that Winkelman had surrendered. The coastal regions of Zealand and Holland were difficult to negotiate because of their many waterways. [25], Reports of a Fifth Column (enemy agents acting in a country) in Scandinavia caused fears that the Netherlands also had German agents and traitors. [174], Three Dutch merchant ships, escorted by British warships, transferred government gold and diamonds to the United Kingdom.[175]. [52] These specially directed measures were accompanied by more general ones: the Dutch had posted no less than 32 hospital ships throughout the country and fifteen trains to help make troop movements easier. French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin feared the Dutch would surrender or accept German protection. From 11 May the area was reinforced by two French infantry divisions: the 60e Division d'Infanterie,[82] a B-class division, and the newly formed naval 68e Division d'Infanterie. On 17 January 1940[88] they decided to conquer all of the Netherlands. The defence of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, the Dutch part of Flanders, was left to the Allies. Flieger-Division, consisted of paratroopers; the second, the 22nd Luftlande-Infanteriedivision, of airborne infantry. The Dutch tried to destroy the bridge by artillery fire, but the bridge was only slightly damaged. Dutch troops in the province of Zealand continued to fight the until 17 May, when Germany occupied the whole nation. The Dutch considered the Bath and Zanddijk Positions to be very defensible because of the open polder landscape and extensive inundations. [194], German armoured forces advanced north over the Dordrecht bridge into IJsselmonde island. [157] In the street fighting the German troops blocked the battalion. Due to a lack of numbers, training, and heavy weapons, the attacks failed against the well-trained SS troops. Until 1938, those who were joined only served for 24 weeks, just enough to receive basic infantry training. Though it was thus on 17 January 1940[96] decided to conquer the whole of the Netherlands, few units could be made available for this task. [195] In the late afternoon most of 4th Infantry Division was fleeing westwards. The heavy bombardment demoralised the largely French defenders and the Germans managed to establish a bridgehead around noon. Until 1938, those who were enlisted only served for 24 weeks, just enough to receive basic infantry training. [197] The Dutch planned to send two regiments of the Dutch 3rd Army Corps north to fill any gaps. In the morning these troops had already shown severe discipline problems, with units disintegrating and leaving the battlefield because of German interdiction fire. When the airstrip was blocked by wrecks the remaining planes landed in meadows or on the beach, spreading out the troops. Most Dutch troops had been evacuated from the north. But he did not dare to stretch his supply lines that far unless the Belgians and Dutch would take the allied side before the German attack. After the generally failed assaults on the bridges, the German divisions began crossing attempts over the rivers IJssel and Maas. • Western Ukraine The first German attackers were stopped with serious losses. Most troops remained where two of the eight Dutch battalions and two border companies were located. The Zealand Isles were considered to be strategically critical, as they are just opposite of the Thames estuary, so their capture would pose a special menace to the safety of England. Also, like Fall Gelb as a whole, it involved a high risk strategy. Only in 1936 did the Dutch government start to increase their defense budget. Bussum: Unieboek BV. The first of these, the 7. [104], On 4 May Sas warned that an attack was coming soon. [165] Shortly after noon the German armoured cars had penetrated thirty kilometres more to the west and made contact with the southern Moerdijk bridgehead, cutting off the Fortress Holland from the Allied main force; at 16:45 they had reached the bridges themselves. The battalions were hit by a Stuka bombing and they fled to the east. In front of this Main Defence Line was the IJssel-Maaslinie, a covering line along the rivers IJssel and Maas, connected by positions in the Betuwe, again with pillboxes and lightly occupied by a screen of fourteen "border battalions". The Allies also worried that the Netherlands might allow a German army into Belgium through the southern part of their lands. The reconnaissance elements of the 9th Panzer Division effectively exploited this opportunity: at dawn they surprised north of Tilburg, near Loon op Zand, Colonel Schmidt and took him prisoner. 2e Brigade Légère Mécanique retreated to the south. Infanteriedivision at first could not exploit the opportunity offered by having a battalion in the back of the defenders because it failed to locate it. The Grebbeberg seen from the south; the slopes facing the attackers in the east were more gradual (2005), While the situation in the south was becoming critical, in the east the Germans made a first successful effort in dislodging the Dutch defenders on the Grebbeberg. [8] There was not many professional military staff. He reassigned the former French strategic reserve, the 7th Army, to go in front of Antwerp. Late in 1939 General Van Voorst tot Voorst wanted to use the rivers as a defence. At Mill, 256. [38] They made use of many pillboxes, about two thousand in number,[39] but in lines without any depth. [55] During this period, munition shortages limited live fire training,[56] and units were not organized. [237] Winkelman concluded that it apparently had become the German policy to devastate any city offering any resistance; in view of his mandate to avoid unnecessary suffering and the hopelessness of the Dutch military position he decided to surrender. The force consisted of the 16th Army Corps, the 9th Motorised and the 4th Infantry Division; and the 1st Army Corps, consisting of the 25th Motorised Infantry Division and the 21st Infantry Division. The Battle of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Slag om Nederland) was part of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries ( Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) during World War II. Other countries had good armoured forces. [186], In the East the Germans tried to attack the Grebbe Line by using the other division of X. AK, 227. On the evening of 13 May one regiment, the 271e of 68e Division d'Infanterie, occupied the Canal through Zuid-Beveland and the other, the 224e of 60 Division d'Infanterie, took a position at the Sloe straights separating the island of Walcheren from Zuid-Beveland, even though there was not sufficient time for adequate entrenchment. The attack on The Hague was a failure. On 13 May the Dutch troops were placed under French command and 68e Division d'Infanterie was transferred to the 7th Army.[230]. The Battle of the Netherlands 1940 (Dutch: Slag om Nederland) was part of Case Yellow (German: Fall Gelb), the German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and France during World War II. • Cryptography [109] KG 4 lost 11 Heinkel He 111 bombers on 10 May and three Junkers Ju 88s; KG 30 and 54 another nine bombers. • Occupation of Japan The Battle for The Hague (Dutch: Slag om Den Haag) was a battle fought on 10 May 1940 during the German invasion of the Netherlands. In both respects, little was achieved this day. On 11 May the Dutch commander General Winkelman had two goals. [109] However, both the Dutch government and other nations became insensitive to the series of false alarms, as the date would be changed many times, because the attack was postponed to wait for favourable weather conditions. [71] All these lines were reinforced by pillboxes.[65]. [133] After killing German troops on the Island of Dordrecht the division was to advance into IJsselmonde over the Dordrecht bridge to reach Rotterdam. [123] Here an infantry battalion was stationed, but so close to the airfield that the paratroopers landed near its positions. [14], After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the ensuing outbreak of the Second World War, the Netherlands hoped to remain neutral, as they had done during the First World War 25 years earlier. [127], Colonel Schmidt at 20:30 ordered the Peel-Raam Position to be abandoned. [195] Two Dutch companies, mainly composed of Dutch marines, stormed the bridgehead. The Dutch were left with just 70 aircraft by the end of the day. [163], The earlier German advance later caused the main line to be abandoned for over two miles to the north because the troops there feared an attack from behind. Crossings would be attempted in two sectors. [208] In the late afternoon most of 4th Infantry Division was fleeing westwards. [19] Both the Belgians and the Dutch refused, even though Belgium had learned about Germany's plans to attack. In conclusion, the note urged [202], On the extreme south of the Grebbe Line, the Grebbeberg, the Germans were now deploying three SS battalions including support troops and three fresh infantry battalions of IR.322; two of IR.374 laid in immediate reserve. [238] The few Dutch troops on Walcheren, about three companies, stopped fighting. On the return of the German envoy at 12:00, Schmidt had already sent a radio message that the bombardment had to be postponed because negotiations had started. No crews were fully trained. In secret, the Dutch military command, partly acting on its own accord,[79] negotiated with both Belgium and France via the Dutch military attaché in Paris, Lieutenant-Colonel David van Voorst Evekink to coordinate a common defence to a German invasion. Both quickly agreed on most conditions, Winkelman declaring to have surrendered army, naval and air forces. [197] On 13 May the position was reinforced by a 20 mm anti aircraft battery. It contained only four regular infantry divisions (the 207th, 227th, 254th and 256th Infantry Divisions), assisted by three reserve divisions (208th, 225th, and 526th Infantry Divisions). These would be concentrated into two task forces named after their commander: the Groupe Beauchesne and the Groupe Lestoquoi. [171] The bridge was reached and the remaining fifty German defenders in the building in front of it were on the point of surrender when after hours of fighting the attack was abandoned because of heavy flanking fire from the other side of the river. von Bock had requested another Army Corps. This lack of firepower impaired the fighting performance of the Dutch infantry. An aerial bombardment that morning routed the defenders before the ground attack had even started; the first German crossings around 11:00 led to a complete collapse. The main attack would take place in the centre of the city, with the German 9th Panzer Division advancing over the Willemsbrug. This would leave just the 18th Army under General Georg von Küchler to attack the Dutch main force.[89]. Flieger-Division, was paratroopers; the second, the 22nd Luftlande-Infanteriedivision, of airborne infantry. De Jong, Lou (1970). At 16:45 they had reached the bridges. [179], A tank company also tried to capture the Dordrecht, but it was ordered to retreat after heavy street fighting. A few barges were found; only after the capitulation however, was the crossing actually executed. Already on 13 May, von Küchler, fearing that the British might reinforce the Fortress Holland, had instructed Schmidt: "Resistance in Rotterdam should be broken with all means, if necessary threaten with and carry out the annihilation [Vernichtung] of the city". [236] However, he soon received a message from Colonel Cuno Eduard Willem baron van Voorst tot Voorst, the commander of the city of Utrecht, that the Germans demanded its surrender; leaflets were dropped by propaganda planes announcing that only unconditional surrender could "spare it the fate of Warsaw". [190], The Light Division tried to cut the German corridor by advancing to the west and linking up with a small ferry bridgehead over the Dortse Kil. The Light Division tried to advance to the west. Therefore von Bock had before the invasion requested to be reinforced in this effort by another Army Corps. In 1940 there were only 1206 professional officers present;[59] It had been hoped that when war threatened, these deficiencies could be quickly remedied but following the mobilisation of all Dutch forces on 28 August 1939 (bringing Army strength to about 280,000 men)[60] readiness only slowly improved: most available time was spent constructing defences. However, due to a lack of numbers, training, and heavy weapons the attacks failed against the well-trained SS troops. The 750,000-strong German Wehrmacht Kavalleriedivision advanced through the province of Friesland, reaching Sneek in the evening. A second attack managed to get past the trench line, which then was captured after heavy fighting.[193][194]. [159] He ordered a night counterattack by the single reserve battalion of 4th Division. [88] This Waal-Linge Position was to be reinforced with pillboxes; the budget for such structures was increased with a hundred million guilders.[89]. This was too shallow for boats, but deep enough to turn the soil into mud. The first wave of German attackers was largely beaten off with serious losses, but a second wave managed to fragment the trench line, which then was taken after heavy fighting. They started to prepare for war. In Rotterdam, though reinforced by an infantry regiment, the Dutch failed to completely dislodge the German airborne troops from their bridgehead on the northern bank of the Maas. Kavalleriedivision. A withdrawal was planned for the first night after the invasion, in the darkness. [35][36] Only in February 1936 was a bill passed creating a special 53.4 million guilder defence fund. [220] Kampfgeschwader 54, using Heinkel He 111 bombers, was therefore shifted from Sixth to Eighteenth Army.[221]. [167], The Light Division tried to systematically reconquer the Island of Dordrecht by advancing on a broad front, using four battalions with little artillery support. The other Dutch units then halted their advance around noon. [204] A confused encounter fight followed in which the vanguard of the Dutch troops, poorly supported by their artillery, began to give way at around 12:30 to the encroaching SS troops. They expected that Holland could be captured in about three to five days.[47]. Part of their equipment was brought by ship through Flushing harbour. In the early evening, they attacked even though there was only one 105 mm battery. [80] This failed because of insurmountable differences of opinion about the question of which strategy to follow. ; Theil, J. • Leyte • First Indochina War [34] During the 1920s, an economic recession lasting from 1920 until 1927 and the general détente in international relations caused a limitation of the defence budget. Dutch negotiator, carrying white flag, moves toward the German positions on the Noordereiland. The Hr. • Technology [182], HMS Codrington, which evacuated many members of the Dutch Royal family from the Netherlands, In the early morning of 13 May General Winkelman advised the Dutch government that he considered the general situation to be critical. None of the airfields could be used to land new troops. [125] The long Moerdijk bridges over the broad Hollands Diep estuary connecting the island to North Brabant province were captured and a bridgehead fortified on the southern side. Infanterieregiment was hit by Dutch artillery fire and had to withdraw. Ranked 274,373 of 553,555 with 16 (0 today) downloads Published by andrewwijaya2020 (mod ID: 466410) Kavalleriedivision, Major General Kurt Feldt, had to go over the Enclosure Dike because of a lack of ships. Ss Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. [ 166 ] two Dutch companies, mainly composed Dutch... Of paratroopers ; the second World war II, seizing these lands that... ; on 17 May 1940 the Dutch Army did not hold summer field to... 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